Jews Found to be a Distinct Ethnic Group

Two new studies by several researchers have suggested that the children of Abraham really are related. Of the first study, the New York Post reports:

Researchers say the study, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, puts to rest age-old questions about whether Jews are a group of unrelated people who share a religious ideology or a distinct ethnicity with common ancestry.

“The debate is over,” said Dr. Edward R. Burns, one of the lead authors of the study. “The Jewish people are one people with a common genetic thread that evolved in the second or third century BC.”

The study, “Abraham’s Children in the Genome Era,” compared the genetic analyses of 237 Jews, including Sephardic (Middle Eastern) and Ashkenazi (Eastern European) Jews — as well as an analysis of 418 non-Jews worldwide, and found that the Jews were more closely related to each other than to their fellow countrymen.

The first thing that struck me about the story is that the last time that I heard someone say "The debate is over," it was Al Gore, speaking about global warming. Such language is not often heard from a scientist, for good reason. Often, if someone says that, the debate is far from over.

The second thing is that, as Genesis reports, God promised Abraham that his descendants would be like the stars in the sky in number. 237 Jews gives new meaning to the word "sample." While it is true that other studies have largely corroborated this one (Ostrer, 2001, Nebel, 2001)¹, clearly more work needs to be done.

Since it is the New York Post, a political note needs to be interjected:

The study — and a second genetic study published Friday in the journal Nature — scientifically undermines arguments made by those who challenge Jews’ historical relationship to Israel, such as former White House correspondent Helen Thomas, who resigned last week after saying Jews in Israel should “go home” to Germany, Poland and the United States.

Turns out, the Jews in Israel are already there.

¹Ostrer, H. (2001). "A genetic profile of contemporary Jewish populations." Nature Reviews Genetics 2(11): 891-898.

Nebel, A., D. Filon, et al. (2001). "The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East." The American Journal of Human Genetics 69(5): 1095-1112.

Human Evolution and the Jews

AllBusiness has an article by Patrick Tucker called How Evolution Is Evolving: Two scientists look at how the Jews got their smarts, which is a review of a relatively new book by Gregory Cochran and Henry Harpending, called The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution. The book dispels the myth that evolution has come to a standstill now that humans have covered the face of the planet. Tucker writes:

Cochran and Harpending single out the Ashkenazi Jews as a textbook example of how cultural decisions from just a few hundred years ago (a nanosecond in the conventional view of evolution) have already resulted in new genetic advantages. Prior to the Middle Ages, Ashkenazi Jews lived in the middle of an important cultural route, linking Europe to key parts of Asia. The Jews were the recipients of tremendous genetic variety as ancient people crossed through their territory, settled down, married, or just mated.

As increasing numbers of Jews moved into Europe during the Middle Ages, cultural rules against marrying outside the group, coupled with external social pressures, resulted in a relatively closed genetic circle. The more useful chromosomal traits picked up in the Levant rose to the top as genetic of dilution was contained. More importantly, the difficult conditions in Europe ensured a strong biological imperative to adapt and survive.

Indeed, while most Europeans experienced the Middle Ages as a clear improvement over the preceding dark ages, European Jews were roundly persecuted and, by and large, were locked out of land-ownership. They developed a set of shared survival tactics that happened to be ideally suited for the changes sweeping the continent. Without the legal ability to own large tracts of land, most were relegated to towns and hamlets. This gave them a head start on urban life. The primary occupations available to the Jews who settled in these nascent urban centers were service trades requiring literacy and arithmetic skills. Abstract intelligence and reasoning skills were valued more highly within the group than was the ability to wield an ax or pull a cart. Over the course of multiple generations, a cultural emphasis on developing quantitative intelligence rather than physical strength accentuated one particular genetic trait at the expense of others. The chosen trait in question was intelligence.

Hence the title of the article. The authors go on to suggest that these circumstances led to real genetic changes in the genome of the Ashkenazi Jews that benefited them in ways that are evident today:

The authors go on to show that people of European Jewish descent, regardless of family background, perform better than average on IQ tests. They are disproportionately well represented among lists of major math and science award winners.

Although they account for less than 3% of the U.S. population, they comprise 27% of U.S. Nobel Prize winners over the past two generations, account for about a fifth of CEOs, and about 22% of Ivy League students.

Although this certainly falls under the category of microevolution, it still shows how changes in environments, both topographical and cultural can shape the genetic make-up of a population. This research derives in part from the vast population genetic research that Harpending has been doing for the last thirty years.


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